Learn: Indicators, Indices, Currencies and Gold Explained
Plain-language guides to the concepts behind the numbers on Lzzo.com: how a technical indicator is calculated, how a stock index is built, what a trading session or an exchange rate is, how gold is priced per gram and what a tokenized stock is. Every guide names its sources, keeps its figures to listed definitions and says how Lzzo.com shows the topic.
Technical indicators
How the indicators on product pages are calculated, what their conventional levels mean and where their limits lie.
What Is the RSI (Relative Strength Index)?
The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a momentum oscillator that compares the size of recent price gains with the size of recent losses and expresses the result on a scale from 0 to 100.
What Is the MACD Indicator?
MACD, short for Moving Average Convergence Divergence, is a trend-following momentum indicator built from the difference between two exponential moving averages of the closing price.
Moving Averages: SMA and EMA Explained
A moving average smooths a price series by averaging recent closing prices; the simple version weights every bar equally and the exponential version gives more weight to recent bars.
What Are Bollinger Bands?
Bollinger Bands are a volatility envelope drawn around a moving average: a middle band and two outer bands set a fixed number of standard deviations above and below it.
What Is Average True Range (ATR)?
Average True Range (ATR) measures how much an instrument typically moves per bar, in the same units as its price, by averaging the true range over a window.
What Are Pivot Points?
Pivot points are reference price levels calculated from the previous period's high, low and close, with support and resistance levels derived around a central pivot.
Support and Resistance Levels Explained
Support and resistance are price zones where an instrument has previously paused or reversed: support lies below the current price and resistance lies above it.
What Is Trading Volume?
Trading volume is the number of shares, contracts or units that change hands in a given period; it measures how much trading took place and says nothing about the direction of the price.
Stock indices
What an index is and how the headline indices of the United States, Germany and Turkey are selected, weighted and calculated.
What Is a Stock Market Index?
A stock market index is a number that tracks the combined performance of a defined group of shares, calculated by a published rule from the prices of its components.
What Is the S&P 500 Index?
The S&P 500 is a stock market index of 500 large companies listed in the United States, calculated by S&P Dow Jones Indices and weighted by float-adjusted market capitalization.
What Is the Nasdaq-100 Index?
The Nasdaq-100 is an index of 100 non-financial companies listed on the Nasdaq exchange, weighted by a modified market capitalization method.
What Is the Dow Jones Industrial Average?
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is a price-weighted index of 30 large US companies, calculated by S&P Dow Jones Indices as the sum of their share prices divided by a divisor.
What Is the DAX 40 Index?
The DAX 40 is the German blue-chip stock index: 40 companies listed in Frankfurt and traded on Xetra, weighted by free-float market capitalization and calculated as a performance index.
What Is the BIST 100 Index?
The BIST 100 is the main index of the Borsa Istanbul equity market, made up of 100 shares chosen by free-float market value and trading value and weighted by free-float market value.
What Is the BIST 30 Index?
The BIST 30 is the Borsa Istanbul index of 30 shares from the Star Market, the highest-ranked group of the same ranking that fills the BIST 50 and the BIST 100.
Market basics
Terms that explain what a quote or a chart is showing: market value, funds, receipts, sessions, dividends and splits.
What Is Market Capitalization?
Market capitalization is the total market value of a company's shares: the share price multiplied by the number of shares outstanding.
What Is an ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund)?
An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is an investment fund whose shares trade on a stock exchange throughout the session at market prices, like the shares of a company.
What Is an ADR (American Depositary Receipt)?
An American Depositary Receipt (ADR) is a certificate issued by a US depositary bank that represents shares of a non-US company and trades in US dollars on US markets.
How Stock Market Trading Sessions Work
A trading session is the period during which an exchange matches orders; most exchanges divide the local day into an opening phase, a continuous phase and a closing phase.
What Is Pre-Market Trading?
Pre-market trading is trading that takes place before an exchange's regular session opens; after-hours trading is the same activity after the regular close.
What Is a Dividend and How Is It Paid?
A dividend is a payment a company makes to its shareholders out of its profits or reserves, most often in cash and usually stated as an amount per share.
What Is a Stock Split?
A stock split increases the number of a company's shares and lowers the price per share in proportion, leaving the company's total market value and each shareholder's stake unchanged.
Currencies and gold
How exchange rates and cross rates work, what USD/TRY states and how gram gold, troy ounces and gold coins relate to each other.
What Is an Exchange Rate?
An exchange rate is the price of one currency expressed in another currency; in a pair written A/B it states how many units of B one unit of A costs.
What Is a Cross Rate in Currency Markets?
A cross rate is the exchange rate between two currencies that is calculated from the rate of each against a third currency, usually the US dollar.
What Is USD/TRY? The Dollar-Lira Rate
USD/TRY states how many Turkish liras one US dollar costs; the dollar is the base currency of the pair and the lira is the quote currency.
What Is Gram Gold? How the Price Is Built
Gram gold is gold priced per gram in Turkish lira; its price follows from the international ounce price of gold, the conversion from ounces to grams and the dollar-lira rate.
What Is a Troy Ounce of Gold?
A troy ounce is the unit in which gold and other precious metals are priced internationally; it equals exactly 31.1034768 grams and is heavier than the ordinary avoirdupois ounce.
Turkish Gold Coins: Weight and Gold Content
Turkish gold coins are the quarter, half, full and Republic gold coins struck by the Turkish Mint; each has a fixed weight in 22 carat gold, so its gold content is the weight times the fineness.
Crypto and tokenization
What stablecoins and tokenized stocks are, who stands behind them and what their prices do and do not represent.
What Is a Stablecoin?
A stablecoin is a crypto-asset designed to keep a stable value against a reference asset, most often the US dollar, usually by holding reserve assets or collateral that back the tokens in circulation.
What Is a Tokenized Stock?
A tokenized stock is a blockchain token designed to track the price of a listed share or fund; depending on its structure it can represent a claim on the token issuer and not ownership of the share itself.
How these guides are prepared
Each guide is drafted with AI assistance, checked against the sources listed on the page and reviewed by an editor before it is published. Guides are updated when their content or the underlying rules change.
These guides explain concepts and methods for general information. They do not address anyone's circumstances and make no statement about what a price will do.